Exploring Life - Honors Biology Chapter 9 Cell Cycle, Mitosis & Meiosis

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Click on Chapter 9

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Q01. Hua Mei, like you, began as a single cell formed when a sperm fertilizes an egg. Study these three microscopic images of eggs and sperm at PDImages and the British Science Museum: egg and sperm. Describe the shape of the egg and of a sperm. Why do you think they are so different?

Q02. Once the egg is fertilized, a series of cell divisions is initiated. View images of this next stage, called cleavage.

a. The first image shows the egg immediately after fertilization. What do the two round circles in the egg represent?

b. Go to stages of development and look at the illustrations of mammal cleavage. Describe how the fertilized egg changes from fertilization until the end of cleavage.

Q03. After cleavage, these cells continue to divide and start to differentiate, that is, become specialized cells. If you are doing this from home you can watch the time-lapse video of the growth of a chicken embryo. Then compare it to the video of the growth of a pig embryo. If you are in school you can just go back to "Shortcut to shortcuts" and find the 4 video files, click on them and watch the time-lapse videos.

chi.avi = the growth of the chicken embryo    fis.avi = growth of a fish embryo

pig.avi = growth of a pig embryo  hum.avi = growth of a human embryo

a. What similarities did you observe?

b. What differences did you observe?

Q04. Once Hua Mei is full-grown and has reached adulthood, many of her cells will continue to grow and divide, replacing old or damaged cells. All living things grow by accumulating additional cells through the division of existing cells, as you saw in the early stages of the embryos. For an overview, watch a video of the process of mitosis. Now you know how Hua Mei's weight increased so dramatically. Suggest a hypothesis to explain how plants increase their size.

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Section 9-1

Q05. What is the difference between reproduction in the roundworm, the radish and a paramecium?

 

Section 9-2

Q06. What happens at the checkpoints?

Q07. What happens in S phase?

Q08. Which human organs are able to regenerate?

 

Q09. Why do you think neurons are in G0 and stomach lining cells reproduce constantly?

 

Section 9-3

Q10. What is the difference between a chromosome and a chromatid?

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Q11. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes in each somatic cell. How many chromosomes will a cell have after mitosis?

Q12. Why do you think scientists use the root tip to study mitosis?

 

Go through the Lab 9. We won’t be doing it, BUT, it has amazing graphics.

Section 9-4

Q13. What is cancer (on a molecular level/genetic)?

Section 9-5

Q14. Where at NMB would you go to find someone with a karyotype with 47 rather than 46 chromosomes?

Q15. Where (on which chromosome) would you find the gene for lactase?

 Q16. How many chromosomes did you get from your mother? Your father? In what way are they the same? Different?

 Section 9-6

Q17. Why is meiosis  essential for sexual reproduction?

 

Q18. Compare mitosis and meiosis.

Q19. What is a zygote?

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Q20. What is meant by homologous chromosomes?

Q21. What would happen if non-homologous chromosomes crossed over?

 Section 9-6 page 2

Q22. How many daughter cells are produced by mitosis? Meiosis?

Q23.  In the History of Science section describe the picture of a homunculus.

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